Allergen Guide

The 14 allergens every UK restaurant must declare

What they are, where they hide in your menu, and what the law requires. Updated for Natasha's Law and the March 2025 FSA guidance.

2.4M
UK adults with a food allergy
85
Allergen alerts in 2025 alone
10
Deaths per year from food anaphylaxis

The 14 allergens

1. Celery
Stalks, leaves, seeds, celeriac
Hides in: stocks, bouillon cubes, soups, Bloody Mary, spice blends, mirepoix
2. Cereals containing gluten
Wheat, rye, barley, oats, spelt, kamut
Hides in: soy sauce, batter, breadcrumbs, roux sauces, beer, sausages, pizza dough
3. Crustaceans
Prawns, crab, lobster, crayfish, shrimp
Hides in: Thai curry paste (shrimp paste), fish sauce, paella, dim sum
4. Eggs
Hen, duck, quail, goose eggs
Hides in: egg wash on pastry, fresh pasta, mayonnaise, batter, marshmallows, some wines
5. Fish
All species — fresh, frozen, smoked, processed
Hides in: Worcestershire sauce (anchovies), Caesar dressing, Asian curry pastes, fish stock
6. Lupin
Lupin seeds, lupin flour
Hides in: gluten-free baked goods, continental breads, pastries. Cross-reacts with peanut
7. Milk
Cow, goat, sheep — cheese, butter, cream, casein, whey
Hides in: buttermilk marinades, ghee, margarine, bread dough, some crisps, processed meats
8. Molluscs
Mussels, oysters, squid, octopus, scallops, snails
Hides in: oyster sauce in stir-fries, seafood platters, paella, fish pie
9. Mustard
Seeds, powder, oil, leaves
Hides in: salad dressings, marinades, BBQ sauce, curry powder, pickles, sausages
10. Peanuts
Peanut butter, peanut oil, groundnut oil, satay
Hides in: curries (groundnut oil), praline, cereal bars, arachis oil (= peanut oil)
11. Sesame
Seeds, oil, tahini, halva
Hides in: bread doughs, burger buns, hummus, falafel, za'atar, sushi toppings
12. Soybeans
Soy sauce, tofu, tempeh, miso, edamame
Hides in: vegetable oil, lecithin (E322), chocolate, bread, processed meats, Asian sauces
13. Sulphur dioxide & sulphites
Dried fruits, wine, beer, cider (above 10mg/kg)
Hides in: vinegar, pickled foods, pre-made salads, fruit juices, sausages, draught beer
14. Tree nuts
Almonds, hazelnuts, walnuts, cashews, pecans, pistachios, macadamia, brazil
Hides in: pesto, marzipan, nougat, frangipane, curries (ground cashew), baklava, amaretto

Natasha's Law and Owen's Law

July 2016
Natasha Ednan-Laperouse dies aged 15
Allergic reaction to sesame baked into a Pret a Manger baguette at Heathrow. Sesame was not listed on the packaging.
April 2017
Owen Carey dies on his 18th birthday
Allergic reaction to buttermilk in marinated chicken at Byron Burgers. He told staff about his dairy allergy. Buttermilk was not on the menu.
October 2021
Natasha's Law comes into force
All prepacked for direct sale (PPDS) food must carry a full ingredients list with allergens emphasised. Closes the loophole that led to Natasha's death.
March 2025
FSA updates allergen guidance
Written allergen information is now the baseline expectation for all restaurants, not just verbal. Evaluation planned for spring 2026 before potential legislation.

Allergen errors kill people. 10 deaths per year from food anaphylaxis in the UK. 85 allergen alerts in 2025 alone — one every four days. 597 allergen-related food recalls between 2016-2021. This is the area where mistakes have the most serious consequences.

What your restaurant must do

Loose food (meals made to order)

Legal minimum: Inform customers about allergens verbally, with a visible notice saying "Please ask a member of staff for allergen information." Best practice (March 2025): Written allergen information — matrix on the menu, separate allergen guide, or digital — alongside a conversation with staff.

Prepacked for direct sale (PPDS)

Food packed on the same premises where it is sold (sandwiches wrapped in your cafe, salad boxes from your deli): full ingredients list on the label with all 14 allergens emphasised in bold, capitals, or contrasting colour. This is Natasha's Law — mandatory since October 2021.

Online and delivery

Allergen information must be available before purchase (on your website/app) and again at delivery. The food business is legally responsible, not the delivery platform. Allergen info should be no more than one click away from the product page.

Blueroll generates your allergen matrix automatically. Add recipes with ingredients, and the app identifies all 14 allergens and builds your matrix. Export as PDF for your menu or EHO inspection. Start free trial

What EHOs check

Cross-contact prevention

Common mistakes

"May contain" is not a get-out. Precautionary allergen labelling is voluntary, not required by law. It must only be used after a genuine risk assessment — never as a blanket disclaimer. Overuse devalues the warning and drives allergic consumers to take risks.

Related guides

Allergen matrix in seconds, not hours

Import recipes with AI, and Blueroll identifies all 14 allergens automatically. Export as PDF for your menu or EHO inspection.

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